ririРаны и раневые инфекции. Журнал имени проф. Б.М. КостючёнкаWounds and wound infections. The prof. B.M. Kostyuchenok journal2408-96132500-0594Regional non-governmental organization “Surgical society - Wounds and wound infections”10.25199/2408-9613-2023-10-2-6-14riri-304Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ, ЛЕКЦИИ, ИСТОРИЯ РАН И РАНЕВЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙREVIEWS, LECTURES, HISTORY OF WOUNDS AND WOUND INFECTIONSФаготерапия инфекции ожоговых ран в эпоху антибиотикорезистентностиPhage therapy for burn wound infections in the era of antibiotic resistancehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6567-7803ТулуповА. А.TulupovA. A.

Тулупов Александр Андреевич – младший научный сотрудник Университетской клиники

603005, Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1 

Tulupov Alexander Andreevich – junior researcher at the University Clinic

10/1 pl. Minin and Pozharsky, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005 

tulupov.a.a@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-3858БесчастновВ. В.BeschastnovV. V.

Бесчастнов Владимир Викторович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, старший научный сотрудник Университетской клиники

603005, Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1

Beschastnov Vladimir Viktorovich – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, senior researcher at the University Clinic

10/1 pl. Minin and Pozharsky, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005 

ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияPrivolzhsky Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202319022024102614Copyright © Тулупов А.А., Бесчастнов В.В., 20242024Тулупов А.А., Бесчастнов В.В.Tulupov A.A., Beschastnov V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.riri.su/jour/article/view/304

Инфекция ожоговых ран, вызванная антибиотикорезистентными патогенами, – ведущая причина системных инфекционных осложнений у обожженных и ключевое звено патогенеза ожоговой болезни, обусловливающее ее течение и исход. Применение фаготерапии для преодоления антибиотикорезистентности возбудителей инфекции является перспективным направлением, развитие которого может улучшить результаты лечения обожженных. В статье рассматриваются: 1) особенности инфекционного процесса у обожженных; 2) влияние антибактериальной химиотерапии инфекции ожоговых ран на микробиом и процессы репаративной регенерации; 3) принципы фаготерапии; 4) пути доставки бактериофагов; 5) развитие резистентности к бактериофагам; 6) персонализация фаготерапии.

Infection of burn wounds caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens is the leading cause of systemic infectious complications in burned patients and a key link in the pathogenesis of burn disease, causing its course and outcome. The use of phage therapy to overcome antibiotic resistance of infection agents is a promising direction, the development of which can improve the results of treatment of burned. The article discusses: 1) features of the infectious process in burned; 2) the effect of antibacterial chemotherapy of burn wound infection on the microbiome and the processes of reparative regeneration; 3) principles of phage therapy; 4) ways of delivering bacteriophages; 5) development of resistance to bacteriophages 6) personalization of phage therapy.

ожоговые раныраневая инфекцияфаготерапияантибиотикорезистентностьburn woundswound infectionphage therapyantibiotic resistanceReferencesVigani A., Culler C. A. Systemic and Local Management of Burn Wounds. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2017; 47 (6): 1149–1163.Vigani A., Culler C. A. Systemic and Local Management of Burn Wounds. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2017; 47 (6): 1149–1163.Jeschke M. G., van Baar M. E., Choudhry M. A., et al. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020; 6 (1): 11.Jeschke M. G., van Baar M. E., Choudhry M. A., et al. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020; 6 (1): 11.Tsai S. Y., Lio C. F., Yao W. C., et al. Cost-drivers of medical expenses in burn care management. Burns. 2020; 46 (4): 817–824.Tsai S. Y., Lio C. F., Yao W. C., et al. Cost-drivers of medical expenses in burn care management. Burns. 2020; 46 (4): 817–824.Stewart W. H. New challenges in public health in The United States of America. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1967; 62 (1): 53–56.Stewart W. H. New challenges in public health in The United States of America. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1967; 62 (1): 53–56.Baquero F., Martínez J. L., F. Lanza V., et al. Evolutionary Pathways and Trajectories in Antibiotic Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021; 34 (4): e0005019.Baquero F., Martínez J. L., F. Lanza V., et al. Evolutionary Pathways and Trajectories in Antibiotic Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021; 34 (4): e0005019.Усенко Д. В. Антибиотикиндуцированные изменения микробиома желудочно-кишечного тракта и их коррекция. РМЖ. 2018; 2 (2): 96–99. [Usenko D. V. Antibiotic-induced changes in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract and their correction = Usenko D. V. Antibiotik-inducirovannye izmeneniya mikrobioma zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta i ih korrekciya. RMZh. 2018; 2 (2): 96–99. (In Russ.)]Усенко Д. В. Антибиотикиндуцированные изменения микробиома желудочно-кишечного тракта и их коррекция. РМЖ. 2018; 2 (2): 96–99. [Usenko D. V. Antibiotic-induced changes in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract and their correction = Usenko D. V. Antibiotik-inducirovannye izmeneniya mikrobioma zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta i ih korrekciya. RMZh. 2018; 2 (2): 96–99. (In Russ.)]Привольнев В. В., Зубарева Н. А., Каракулина Е. В. Местное лечение раневой инфекции: антисептики или антибиотики? Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2017; 19 (2): 131–138. [Privolnev V. V., Zubareva N. A., Karakulina E. V. Local treatment of wound infection: antiseptics or antibiotics? = Privol’nev V. V., Zubareva N. A., Karakulina E. V. Mestnoye lecheniye ranevoy infektsii: antiseptiki ili antibiotiki? Klinicheskaya mikrobiologiya i antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya. 2017; 19 (2): 131–138. (In Russ.)]Привольнев В. В., Зубарева Н. А., Каракулина Е. В. Местное лечение раневой инфекции: антисептики или антибиотики? Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2017; 19 (2): 131–138. [Privolnev V. V., Zubareva N. A., Karakulina E. V. Local treatment of wound infection: antiseptics or antibiotics? = Privol’nev V. V., Zubareva N. A., Karakulina E. V. Mestnoye lecheniye ranevoy infektsii: antiseptiki ili antibiotiki? Klinicheskaya mikrobiologiya i antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya. 2017; 19 (2): 131–138. (In Russ.)]Schooley R. T., Biswas B., Gill J. J., et al. Development and Use of Personalized Bacteriophage-Based Therapeutic Cocktails To Treat a Patient with a Disseminated Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61 (10): e00954-17.Schooley R. T., Biswas B., Gill J. J., et al. Development and Use of Personalized Bacteriophage-Based Therapeutic Cocktails To Treat a Patient with a Disseminated Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61 (10): e00954-17.Ferry T., Kolenda C., Laurent F., et al. Personalized bacteriophage therapy to treat pandrug-resistant spinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Nat Commun. 2022; 13 (1): 4239.Ferry T., Kolenda C., Laurent F., et al. Personalized bacteriophage therapy to treat pandrug-resistant spinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Nat Commun. 2022; 13 (1): 4239.Azevedo M. M., Pina-Vaz C., Rodrigues A. G. The Role of Phage Therapy in Burn Wound Infections Management: Advantages and Pitfalls. J Burn Care Res. 2022; 43 (2): 336–342.Azevedo M. M., Pina-Vaz C., Rodrigues A. G. The Role of Phage Therapy in Burn Wound Infections Management: Advantages and Pitfalls. J Burn Care Res. 2022; 43 (2): 336–342.Edlich R. F., Rodeheaver G. T., Spengler M., et al. Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim. Clin Plast Surg. 1977; 4 (4): 561–569.Edlich R. F., Rodeheaver G. T., Spengler M., et al. Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim. Clin Plast Surg. 1977; 4 (4): 561–569.Mayhall C. G. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 37 (4): 543–550.Mayhall C. G. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 37 (4): 543–550.Cambiaso-Daniel J., Gallagher J. J., Norbury W. B., et al. Treatment of infection in burn patients. In: Total Burn Care. Herndon D. N., ed. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2018. pp. 93–113.Cambiaso-Daniel J., Gallagher J. J., Norbury W. B., et al. Treatment of infection in burn patients. In: Total Burn Care. Herndon D. N., ed. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2018. pp. 93–113.Белобородов В. Б., Голощапов О. В., Гусаров В. Г. и др. Методические рекомендации Российской некоммерческой общественной организации «Ассоциация анестезиологов-реаниматологов», Межрегиональной общественной организации «Альянс клинических химиотерапевтов и микробиологов», Межрегиональной ассоциации по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии (МАКМАХ), общественной организации «Российский Сепсис Форум» «Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными штаммами микроорганизмов» (обновление 2022 г.). Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2022; 19 (2): 84–114. [Beloborodov V. B., Goloshchapov O. V., Gusarov V. G., et al. Methodological recommendations of the Russian non-profit public Organization “Association of Anesthesiologists-Resuscitators”, Interregional Public Organization “Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists”, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MCMAH), public organization “Russian Sepsis Forum” “Diagnostics and antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by polyresistant strains of microorganisms” (update 2022) = Beloborodov V. B., Goloshchapov O. V., Gusarov V. G., i dr. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii Rossiyskoy nekommercheskoy obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Assotsiatsiya anesteziologov-reanimatologov”, Mezhregional’noy obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Al’yans klinicheskikh khimioterapevtov i mikrobiologov”, Mezhregional’noy assotsiatsii po klinicheskoy mikrobiologii i antimikrobnoy khimioterapii (MAKMAKH), obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Rossiyskiy Sepsis Forum” “Diagnostika i antimikrobnaya terapiya infektsiy, vyzvannykh polirezistentnymi shtammami mikroorganizmov” (obnovleniye 2022 g.). Vestnik anesteziologii i reanimatologii. 2022; 19 (2): 84–114. (In Russ.)]Белобородов В. Б., Голощапов О. В., Гусаров В. Г. и др. Методические рекомендации Российской некоммерческой общественной организации «Ассоциация анестезиологов-реаниматологов», Межрегиональной общественной организации «Альянс клинических химиотерапевтов и микробиологов», Межрегиональной ассоциации по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии (МАКМАХ), общественной организации «Российский Сепсис Форум» «Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными штаммами микроорганизмов» (обновление 2022 г.). Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2022; 19 (2): 84–114. [Beloborodov V. B., Goloshchapov O. V., Gusarov V. G., et al. Methodological recommendations of the Russian non-profit public Organization “Association of Anesthesiologists-Resuscitators”, Interregional Public Organization “Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists”, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MCMAH), public organization “Russian Sepsis Forum” “Diagnostics and antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by polyresistant strains of microorganisms” (update 2022) = Beloborodov V. B., Goloshchapov O. V., Gusarov V. G., i dr. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii Rossiyskoy nekommercheskoy obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Assotsiatsiya anesteziologov-reanimatologov”, Mezhregional’noy obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Al’yans klinicheskikh khimioterapevtov i mikrobiologov”, Mezhregional’noy assotsiatsii po klinicheskoy mikrobiologii i antimikrobnoy khimioterapii (MAKMAKH), obshchestvennoy organizatsii “Rossiyskiy Sepsis Forum” “Diagnostika i antimikrobnaya terapiya infektsiy, vyzvannykh polirezistentnymi shtammami mikroorganizmov” (obnovleniye 2022 g.). Vestnik anesteziologii i reanimatologii. 2022; 19 (2): 84–114. (In Russ.)]Li Z., Xie J., Yang J., et al. Pathogenic Characteristics and Risk Factors for ESKAPE Pathogens Infection in Burn Patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021; 14: 4727–4738.Li Z., Xie J., Yang J., et al. Pathogenic Characteristics and Risk Factors for ESKAPE Pathogens Infection in Burn Patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021; 14: 4727–4738.Babushkina I. V., Bondarenko A. S., Ulyanov V. Y., et al. Biofilm Formation by Gram-Negative Bacteria during Implant-Associated Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020; 169 (3): 365–368.Babushkina I. V., Bondarenko A. S., Ulyanov V. Y., et al. Biofilm Formation by Gram-Negative Bacteria during Implant-Associated Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020; 169 (3): 365–368.Williams M. Wound infections: an overview. Br J Community Nurs. 2021; 26 (6): S22–S25.Williams M. Wound infections: an overview. Br J Community Nurs. 2021; 26 (6): S22–S25.Белобородова Н. В., Черненькая Т. В., Богданов М. Б. Алгоритмы антибиотикотерапии в эпоху антибиотикорезистентности. М., 2019. 356 с. [Beloborodova N. V., Chernenkaya T. V., Bogdanov M. B. Algorithms of antibiotic therapy in the era of antibiotic resistance = Beloborodova N. V., CHernen’kaya T. V., Bogdanov M. B. Algoritmy antibiotikoterapii v epohu antibiotikorezistentnosti. M., 2019. 356 s. (In Russ.)]Белобородова Н. В., Черненькая Т. В., Богданов М. Б. Алгоритмы антибиотикотерапии в эпоху антибиотикорезистентности. М., 2019. 356 с. [Beloborodova N. V., Chernenkaya T. V., Bogdanov M. B. Algorithms of antibiotic therapy in the era of antibiotic resistance = Beloborodova N. V., CHernen’kaya T. V., Bogdanov M. B. Algoritmy antibiotikoterapii v epohu antibiotikorezistentnosti. M., 2019. 356 s. (In Russ.)]Ladhani H. A., Yowler C. J., Claridge J. A. Burn Wound Colonization, Infection, and Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2021; 22 (1): 44–48.Ladhani H. A., Yowler C. J., Claridge J. A. Burn Wound Colonization, Infection, and Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2021; 22 (1): 44–48.Wanis M., Walker S. A. N., Daneman N., et al. Impact of hospital length of stay on the distribution of Gram-negative bacteria and likelihood of isolating a resistant organism in a Canadian burn center. Burns. 2016; 42 (1): 104–111.Wanis M., Walker S. A. N., Daneman N., et al. Impact of hospital length of stay on the distribution of Gram-negative bacteria and likelihood of isolating a resistant organism in a Canadian burn center. Burns. 2016; 42 (1): 104–111.Барсук А. Л., Ловцова Л. В., Некаева Е. С. и др. Современное состояние и перспективы антибиотикопрофилактики у пациентов, перенесших ожоговую травму. Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2019; 15 (1): 108–113. [Barsuk A. L., Lovtsova L. V., Nechaeva E. S., et al. The current state and prospects of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who have suffered a burn injury = Barsuk A. L., Lovcova L. V., Nechaeva E. S. i dr. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy antibiotikoprofilaktiki u pacientov, perenesshih ozhogovuyu travmu. Saratovskiy nauchnomedicinskiy zhurnal. 2019; 15 (1): 108–113. (In Russ.)]Барсук А. Л., Ловцова Л. В., Некаева Е. С. и др. Современное состояние и перспективы антибиотикопрофилактики у пациентов, перенесших ожоговую травму. Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2019; 15 (1): 108–113. [Barsuk A. L., Lovtsova L. V., Nechaeva E. S., et al. The current state and prospects of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who have suffered a burn injury = Barsuk A. L., Lovcova L. V., Nechaeva E. S. i dr. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy antibiotikoprofilaktiki u pacientov, perenesshih ozhogovuyu travmu. Saratovskiy nauchnomedicinskiy zhurnal. 2019; 15 (1): 108–113. (In Russ.)]Sharma S., Tripathi P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: where we are and where to go? J Nutr Biochem. 2019; 63: 101–108.Sharma S., Tripathi P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: where we are and where to go? J Nutr Biochem. 2019; 63: 101–108.Kim H. J., Lee S. H., Hong S. J. Antibiotics-Induced Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Aggravates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Allergy Asthma. Immunol Res. 2020; 12 (1): 137–148.Kim H. J., Lee S. H., Hong S. J. Antibiotics-Induced Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Aggravates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Allergy Asthma. Immunol Res. 2020; 12 (1): 137–148.Lee J. Y., Cevallos S. A., Byndloss M. X., et al. High-Fat Diet and Antibiotics Cooperatively Impair Mitochondrial Bioenergetics to Trigger Dysbiosis that Exacerbates Pre-inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 28 (2): 273–284.e6.Lee J. Y., Cevallos S. A., Byndloss M. X., et al. High-Fat Diet and Antibiotics Cooperatively Impair Mitochondrial Bioenergetics to Trigger Dysbiosis that Exacerbates Pre-inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 28 (2): 273–284.e6.Ramirez J., Guarner F., Bustos Fernandez L., et al. Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 572912.Ramirez J., Guarner F., Bustos Fernandez L., et al. Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 572912.Tomic-Canic M., Burgess J. L., O’Neill K. E., et al. Skin Microbiota and its Interplay with Wound Healing. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020; 21 (1): 36–43.Tomic-Canic M., Burgess J. L., O’Neill K. E., et al. Skin Microbiota and its Interplay with Wound Healing. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020; 21 (1): 36–43.Ожоги термические и химические. Ожоги солнечные. Ожоги дыхательных путей. Национальные клинические рекомендации. М., 2021. 179 с. [Thermal and chemical burns. Sun burns. Burns of the respiratory tract = Ozhogi termicheskie i himicheskie. Ozhogi solnechnye. Ozhogi dyhatel’nyh putej. Nacional’nye klinicheskie rekomendacii. M., 2021. 179 s. (In Russ.)]Ожоги термические и химические. Ожоги солнечные. Ожоги дыхательных путей. Национальные клинические рекомендации. М., 2021. 179 с. [Thermal and chemical burns. Sun burns. Burns of the respiratory tract = Ozhogi termicheskie i himicheskie. Ozhogi solnechnye. Ozhogi dyhatel’nyh putej. Nacional’nye klinicheskie rekomendacii. M., 2021. 179 s. (In Russ.)]Cooper M. The cytotoxic effects of commonly used topical antibacterial agents on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. J Trauma. 1991; 1: 782–784.Cooper M. The cytotoxic effects of commonly used topical antibacterial agents on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. J Trauma. 1991; 1: 782–784.Thomas G., Rael L., Bar-Or R. Mechanisms of delayed wound healing by commonly used antiseptics. J Trauma. 2009; 66: 82–91.Thomas G., Rael L., Bar-Or R. Mechanisms of delayed wound healing by commonly used antiseptics. J Trauma. 2009; 66: 82–91.Cold F., Olsen N. S., Hansen L. H., et al. Bacteriophage therapy. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020; 182 (27): 01200041.Cold F., Olsen N. S., Hansen L. H., et al. Bacteriophage therapy. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020; 182 (27): 01200041.Асланов Б. И., Зуева Л. П., Пунченко О. Е. и др. Рациональное применение бактериофагов в лечебной и противоэпидемической практике. Методические рекомендации. М., 2022. 32 с. [Aslanov B. I., Zueva L. P., Punchenko O. E., et al. Rational use of bacteriophages in therapeutic and antiepidemic practice = Aslanov B. I., Zueva L. P., Punchenko O. E. i dr. Racional’noe primenenie bakteriofagov v lechebnoy i protivoepidemicheskoy praktike. Metodicheskie rekomendacii. M., 2022. 32 s. (In Russ.)]Асланов Б. И., Зуева Л. П., Пунченко О. Е. и др. Рациональное применение бактериофагов в лечебной и противоэпидемической практике. Методические рекомендации. М., 2022. 32 с. [Aslanov B. I., Zueva L. P., Punchenko O. E., et al. Rational use of bacteriophages in therapeutic and antiepidemic practice = Aslanov B. I., Zueva L. P., Punchenko O. E. i dr. Racional’noe primenenie bakteriofagov v lechebnoy i protivoepidemicheskoy praktike. Metodicheskie rekomendacii. M., 2022. 32 s. (In Russ.)]Torres-Barceló C. The disparate effects of bacteriophages on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018; 7 (1): 168.Torres-Barceló C. The disparate effects of bacteriophages on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018; 7 (1): 168.d’Herelle F. Bacteriophage as a Treatment in Acute Medical and Surgical Infections. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1931; 7 (5): 329–348.d’Herelle F. Bacteriophage as a Treatment in Acute Medical and Surgical Infections. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1931; 7 (5): 329–348.Dąbrowska K., Abedon S. T. Pharmacologically Aware Phage Therapy: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Obstacles to Phage Antibacterial Action in Animal and Human Bodies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2019; 83 (4): e00012-19.Dąbrowska K., Abedon S. T. Pharmacologically Aware Phage Therapy: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Obstacles to Phage Antibacterial Action in Animal and Human Bodies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2019; 83 (4): e00012-19.Пасхалова Ю. С. Стратегия комплексного лечения нейроишемической формы синдрома диабетической стопы при критической ишемии и наличии резистентных форм возбудителей гнойной инфекции с применением бактериофагов на примере клинического наблюдения. Раны и раневые инфекции. Журнал им. проф. Б. М. Костючёнка. 2022; 9 (3): 38– 45. [Paskhalova Yu. S. Strategy of complex treatment of the neuroishemic form of diabetic foot syndrome in critical ischemia and the presence of resistant forms of pathogens of purulent infection with the use of bacteriophages on the example of clinical observation = Paskhalova Yu. S. Strategiya kompleksnogo lecheniya neyroishemicheskoy formy sindroma diabeticheskoy stopy pri kriticheskoy ishemii i nalichii rezistentnykh form vozbuditeley gnoynoy infektsii s primeneniyem bakteriofagov na primere klinicheskogo nablyudeniya. Rany i ranevyye infektsii. Zhurnal im. prof. B. M. Kostyuchonka. 2022; 9 (3): 38–45. (In Russ.)]Пасхалова Ю. С. Стратегия комплексного лечения нейроишемической формы синдрома диабетической стопы при критической ишемии и наличии резистентных форм возбудителей гнойной инфекции с применением бактериофагов на примере клинического наблюдения. Раны и раневые инфекции. Журнал им. проф. Б. М. Костючёнка. 2022; 9 (3): 38– 45. [Paskhalova Yu. S. Strategy of complex treatment of the neuroishemic form of diabetic foot syndrome in critical ischemia and the presence of resistant forms of pathogens of purulent infection with the use of bacteriophages on the example of clinical observation = Paskhalova Yu. S. Strategiya kompleksnogo lecheniya neyroishemicheskoy formy sindroma diabeticheskoy stopy pri kriticheskoy ishemii i nalichii rezistentnykh form vozbuditeley gnoynoy infektsii s primeneniyem bakteriofagov na primere klinicheskogo nablyudeniya. Rany i ranevyye infektsii. Zhurnal im. prof. B. M. Kostyuchonka. 2022; 9 (3): 38–45. (In Russ.)]Jault P., Leclerc T., Jennes S., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19 (1): 35–45.Jault P., Leclerc T., Jennes S., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19 (1): 35–45.Merabishvili M., Monserez R., van Belleghem J., et al. Stability of bacteriophages in burn wound care products. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (7): e0182121.Merabishvili M., Monserez R., van Belleghem J., et al. Stability of bacteriophages in burn wound care products. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (7): e0182121.Nogueira F., Karumidze N., Kusradze I., et al. Immobilization of bacteriophage in wound-dressing nanostructure. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2017; 13 (8): 2475–2484.Nogueira F., Karumidze N., Kusradze I., et al. Immobilization of bacteriophage in wound-dressing nanostructure. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2017; 13 (8): 2475–2484.Cheng W., Zhang Z., Xu R., et al. Incorporation of bacteriophages in polycaprolactone/collagen fibers for antibacterial hemostatic dual-function. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2018; 106(7): 2588–2595.Cheng W., Zhang Z., Xu R., et al. Incorporation of bacteriophages in polycaprolactone/collagen fibers for antibacterial hemostatic dual-function. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2018; 106(7): 2588–2595.Chang R. Y. K., Okamoto Y., Morales S., et al. Hydrogel formulations containing nonionic polymers for topical delivery of bacteriophages. Int J Pharm. 2021; 605: 120850.Chang R. Y. K., Okamoto Y., Morales S., et al. Hydrogel formulations containing nonionic polymers for topical delivery of bacteriophages. Int J Pharm. 2021; 605: 120850.Бесчастнов В. В., Юданова Т. Н., Рябков М. Г. и др. Патент № 2687108 C1 Российская Федерация, МПК A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Способ профилактики инфекционных процессов при свободной кожной пластике: № 2018139554: заявл. 09.11.2018: опубл. 07.05.2019. [Beschastnov V. V., Yudanova T. N., Ryabkov M. G., et al. Patent No. 2687108 C1 Russian Federation, IPC A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Method of prevention of infectious processes with free skin grafting = Patent № 2687108 C1 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Sposob profilaktiki infektsionnykh protsessov pri svobodnoy kozhnoy plastike: № 2018139554: zayavl. 09.11.2018: opubl. 07.05.2019. (In Russ.)]Бесчастнов В. В., Юданова Т. Н., Рябков М. Г. и др. Патент № 2687108 C1 Российская Федерация, МПК A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Способ профилактики инфекционных процессов при свободной кожной пластике: № 2018139554: заявл. 09.11.2018: опубл. 07.05.2019. [Beschastnov V. V., Yudanova T. N., Ryabkov M. G., et al. Patent No. 2687108 C1 Russian Federation, IPC A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Method of prevention of infectious processes with free skin grafting = Patent № 2687108 C1 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, MPK A61L 15/36, A61K 35/76. Sposob profilaktiki infektsionnykh protsessov pri svobodnoy kozhnoy plastike: № 2018139554: zayavl. 09.11.2018: opubl. 07.05.2019. (In Russ.)]Międzybrodzki R., Borysowski J., Weber-Dąbrowska B., et al. Clinical aspects of phage therapy. Adv Virus Res. 2012; 83: 73–121.Międzybrodzki R., Borysowski J., Weber-Dąbrowska B., et al. Clinical aspects of phage therapy. Adv Virus Res. 2012; 83: 73–121.Alverdy J. C., Hyman N., Gilbert J. Reexamining causes of surgical site infections following elective surgery in the era of asepsis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (3): e38–e43.Alverdy J. C., Hyman N., Gilbert J. Reexamining causes of surgical site infections following elective surgery in the era of asepsis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (3): e38–e43.Gosain A., Gamelli R. L. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005; 26 (1): 85–91.Gosain A., Gamelli R. L. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005; 26 (1): 85–91.Szermer-Olearnik B., Boratyński J. Removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations by extraction with organic solvents. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (3): e0122672.Szermer-Olearnik B., Boratyński J. Removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations by extraction with organic solvents. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (3): e0122672.Speck P., Smithyman A. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy via the intravenous route. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016; 363 (3): fnv242.Speck P., Smithyman A. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy via the intravenous route. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016; 363 (3): fnv242.Murray C. K. Infections in Burns. J Trauma. 2007; 62 (6 Suppl): S73.Murray C. K. Infections in Burns. J Trauma. 2007; 62 (6 Suppl): S73.Duan Y., Young R., Schnabl B. Bacteriophages and their potential for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 19 (2): 135–144.Duan Y., Young R., Schnabl B. Bacteriophages and their potential for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 19 (2): 135–144.Danis-Wlodarczyk K., Dąbrowska K., Abedon S. T. Phage Therapy: The Pharmacology of Antibacterial Viruses. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021; 40: 81–164.Danis-Wlodarczyk K., Dąbrowska K., Abedon S. T. Phage Therapy: The Pharmacology of Antibacterial Viruses. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021; 40: 81–164.Zelasko S., Gorski A., Dabrowska K. Delivering phage therapy per os: benefits and barriers. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017; 15 (2): 167–179.Zelasko S., Gorski A., Dabrowska K. Delivering phage therapy per os: benefits and barriers. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017; 15 (2): 167–179.Nadareishvili L., Hoyle N., Nakaidze N., et al. Bacteriophage Therapy as a Potential Management Option for Surgical Wound Infections. Phage (New Rochelle). 2020; 1 (3): 158–165.Nadareishvili L., Hoyle N., Nakaidze N., et al. Bacteriophage Therapy as a Potential Management Option for Surgical Wound Infections. Phage (New Rochelle). 2020; 1 (3): 158–165.Luria S. E., Delbruck M. Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. Genetics. 1943; 28: 491–511.Luria S. E., Delbruck M. Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. Genetics. 1943; 28: 491–511.Dennehy J. J. What can phages tell us about host-pathogen coevolution? Int J Evol Biol. 2012: 2012: 396165.Dennehy J. J. What can phages tell us about host-pathogen coevolution? Int J Evol Biol. 2012: 2012: 396165.Nepal R., Houtak G., Wormald P. J., et al. Prophage: a crucial catalyst in infectious disease modulation. Lancet Microbe. 2022; 3 (3): e162–e163.Nepal R., Houtak G., Wormald P. J., et al. Prophage: a crucial catalyst in infectious disease modulation. Lancet Microbe. 2022; 3 (3): e162–e163.Zhvania P., Hoyle N. S., Nadareishvili L., et al. Phage Therapy in a 16-Year-Old Boywith Netherton Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017; 4: 94.Zhvania P., Hoyle N. S., Nadareishvili L., et al. Phage Therapy in a 16-Year-Old Boywith Netherton Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017; 4: 94.Steele A., Stacey H. J., de Soir S., et al. The Safety and Efficacy of Phage Therapy for Superficial Bacterial Infections: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9 (11): 754.Steele A., Stacey H. J., de Soir S., et al. The Safety and Efficacy of Phage Therapy for Superficial Bacterial Infections: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9 (11): 754.Villarreal L. P. Overall issues of virus and host evolution. In: Viruses and the evolution of life. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2005. p. 383.Villarreal L. P. Overall issues of virus and host evolution. In: Viruses and the evolution of life. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2005. p. 383.Merabishvili M., Pirnay J. P., De Vos D. Guidelines to Compose an Ideal Bacteriophage Cocktail. Methods Mol Biol. 2018; 1693: 99–110.Merabishvili M., Pirnay J. P., De Vos D. Guidelines to Compose an Ideal Bacteriophage Cocktail. Methods Mol Biol. 2018; 1693: 99–110.Бочкарева С. С., Караулов А. В., Алешкин А. В. и др. Методические подходы к оценке некоторых параметров гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа на бактериофаги. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2019; 64 (4): 237–242. [Bochkareva S. S., Karaulov A. V., Aleshkin A. V., et al. Methodological approaches to the assessment of some parameters of the humoral and cellular immune response to bacteriophages = Bochkareva S. S., Karaulov A. V., Aleshkin A. V. i dr. Metodicheskiye podkhody k otsenke nekotorykh parametrov gumoral’nogo i kletochnogo immunnogo otveta na bakteriofagi. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika. 2019; 64 (4): 237–242. (In Russ.)]Бочкарева С. С., Караулов А. В., Алешкин А. В. и др. Методические подходы к оценке некоторых параметров гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа на бактериофаги. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2019; 64 (4): 237–242. [Bochkareva S. S., Karaulov A. V., Aleshkin A. V., et al. Methodological approaches to the assessment of some parameters of the humoral and cellular immune response to bacteriophages = Bochkareva S. S., Karaulov A. V., Aleshkin A. V. i dr. Metodicheskiye podkhody k otsenke nekotorykh parametrov gumoral’nogo i kletochnogo immunnogo otveta na bakteriofagi. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika. 2019; 64 (4): 237–242. (In Russ.)]Friman V. P., Soanes-Brown D., Sierocinski P., et al. Pre-adapting parasitic phages to a pathogen leads to increased pathogen clearance and lowered resistance evolution with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Evolut Biol. 2016; 29: 188–198.Friman V. P., Soanes-Brown D., Sierocinski P., et al. Pre-adapting parasitic phages to a pathogen leads to increased pathogen clearance and lowered resistance evolution with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Evolut Biol. 2016; 29: 188–198.Алешкин А. В., Селькова Е. П., Ершова О. Н. и др. Концепция персонализированной фаготерапии пациентов отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии, страдающих инфекциями, связанными с оказанием медицинской помощи. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2018; 3 (2): 66–74. [Aleshkin A. V., Selkova E. P., Ershova O. N., et al. The concept of personalized phage therapy for patients of the intensive care unit and intensive care unit suffering from infections associated with the provision of medical care = Aleshkin A. V., Sel’kova E. P., Ershova O. N. i dr. Kontseptsiya personalizirovannoy fagoterapii patsiyentov otdeleniya reanimatsii i intensivnoy terapii, stradayushchikh infektsiyami, svyazannymi s okazaniyem meditsinskoy pomoshchi. Fundamental’naya i klinicheskaya meditsina. 2018; 3 (2): 66–74 (In Russ.)]Алешкин А. В., Селькова Е. П., Ершова О. Н. и др. Концепция персонализированной фаготерапии пациентов отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии, страдающих инфекциями, связанными с оказанием медицинской помощи. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2018; 3 (2): 66–74. [Aleshkin A. V., Selkova E. P., Ershova O. N., et al. The concept of personalized phage therapy for patients of the intensive care unit and intensive care unit suffering from infections associated with the provision of medical care = Aleshkin A. V., Sel’kova E. P., Ershova O. N. i dr. Kontseptsiya personalizirovannoy fagoterapii patsiyentov otdeleniya reanimatsii i intensivnoy terapii, stradayushchikh infektsiyami, svyazannymi s okazaniyem meditsinskoy pomoshchi. Fundamental’naya i klinicheskaya meditsina. 2018; 3 (2): 66–74 (In Russ.)]Nair A., Ghugare G. S., Khairnar K. An Appraisal of Bacteriophage Isolation Techniques from Environment. Microb Ecol. 2022; 83 (3): 519–535.Nair A., Ghugare G. S., Khairnar K. An Appraisal of Bacteriophage Isolation Techniques from Environment. Microb Ecol. 2022; 83 (3): 519–535.Zhang L., Shen Z., Fang W., et al. Composition of bacterial communities in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 689: 1181–1191.Zhang L., Shen Z., Fang W., et al. Composition of bacterial communities in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 689: 1181–1191.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.